Archive for the ‘Bioenergy’ Category
Link de Paper en IEEExplore:
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9359432
DOI: 10.1109/ICMEAE51770.2020.00043
Abstract:
Structure perovskite cells, with the general formula ABX3 and named after the mineral CaTiO3 [1], become good candidates for use in converting solar energy into electrical energy, because their efficiency increased in a short period from an initial 3.8 % to laboratory-scale energy conversion efficiency of 23.3 %, which rivals the performance of commercial multi-crystalline silicon solar cells [2]. Recently the power conversion efficiency (PCE) has reached 24.2 %. In addition, another important merit is its production cost, screen printing [3], roll to roll printing [4]. Another characteristic of the carbon electrode is that, due to its composition, it can transport the holes and does not need a hole-transporter material (HTM) or hole-transporter layer (HTL), unlike peroskite cells with metal. In [19] a study is reported where the storage stability of 1 year and PCE of 10.4 % (AM 1.5G, 100 mW/cm was reached in an area of 49 cm2 of mesoscopic carbon perovskites (CSPC).
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Regards time, the ultimate consumer burns a fuel whose chemical composition varies, see Figure. These variations bring problems for plant operation, whatever is the prime mover (Internal Combustion engine, gas turbine or boiler).
Methane number (MN) characterizes gaseous fuel tendency to auto-ignition. By convention, this index has a value 100 for methane and 0 for hydrogen (Leiker et al., 1972). The gaseous fuels are thus compared with a methane-hydrogen binary mixture. Two gases with same value MN have the same resistance against the spontaneous combustion.
Source:
Natural Gas : Physical Properties and Combustion Features.
By Olivier Le Corre and Khaled Loubar
«A mathematical model of SmartValley for estimation of contribution of biomass to the electrical generation»
Jorge Mírez ; Segundo Horna ; Daniel Carranza
2019 IEEE International Autumn Meeting on Power, Electronics and Computing (ROPEC). Ixtapa, Mexico, Mexico
Abstract:
A mathematical model is presented for the estimation of the contribution of biomass to the generation of electricity for a valley as a geographical scope of application. Is considered that a valley has several species that are cultivated during the year and that have by-products of the harvest that we have considered as biomass that can be used for the production of electricity that would benefit the valley’s inhabiting community. We have called this integration between population and crops SmartValley, which leads to the use of monitoring, control, management and planning among the different agricultural-energy actors.
Link: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9057045
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The basis of a fuel or chemical production system is that the feedstock is converted to a useful primary energy product and either used as such, or further converted, upgraded or refined in subsequent processes to give a higher quality and higher value secondary product as shown in Figure.
When organic materials are heated in the absence of air, they degrade to a gas, a liquid, and a solid as summarised in Figure. It is possible to influence the proportions of the main products by controlling the main reaction parameters of temperature, rate of heating, and vapour residence time. For example fast or flash pyrolysis is used to maximise either the gas or liquid products, depending on temperature as summarised below:
- Slow pyrolysis at low temperatures of around 400°C and long reaction times (which can range from 15 minutes to days in traditional beehive kilns) maximises charcoal yields at about 30% wt.
- Flash pyrolysis at temperatures of typically 500°C; at very high heating rates and short vapour residence times of typically less than 1 second or 500 ms; maximises liquid yields at up to 85% wt (wet basis) or up to 70% dry basis.
- Similar flash pyrolysis at relatively high temperatures of above 700°C; at very high heating rates and similarly short residence times maximises gas yields at up to 80% wt. with minimum liquid and char production.
- «Conventional» pyrolysis at moderate temperatures of less than about 500°C and low heating rates (with vapour residence times of 0.5 to 5 minutes) gives approximately equal proportions of gas liquid and solid products
Source: A. Bridgwater. Thermal biomass conversion and utilization – Biomass information system. European Commission – Agro-Industrial Research Division. 1996
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There are four thermochemical methods of converting biomass: pyrolysis, gasification, liquefaction and direct combustion. Each gives a different range of products and employs different equipment configurations operating in different modes. These are summarised below in figure
Source: A. Bridgwater. Thermal biomass conversion and utilization – Biomass information system. European Commission – Agro-Industrial Research Division. 1996
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Burning harvested organic matter – biomass – provided most of mankind’s energy needs for millennia. Using such fuels remains the primary energy source for many people in developing and emerging economies, but such “traditional use” of biomass is often unsustainable, with inefficient combustion leading to harmful emissions with serious health implications.
Modern technologies can convert this organic matter to solid, liquid and gaseous forms that can more efficiently provide for energy needs and replace fossil fuels. A wide range of biomass feedstocks can be used as sources of bioenergy. These include: wet organic wastes, such as sewage sludge, animal wastes and organic liquid effluents, and the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (MSW); residues and co-products from agroindustries and the timber industry; crops grown for energy, including food crops such as corn, wheat, sugar and vegetable oils produced from palm, rapeseed and other raw materials; and nonfood crops such as perennial lignocellulosic plants (e.g. grasses such as miscanthus and trees such as short-rotation willow and eucalyptus) and oilbearing plants (such as jatropha and camelina).
Many processes are available to turn these feedstocks into a product that can be used for electricity, heat or transport. The figure illustrates a number of the main pathways available for these applications (IEA and FAO, 2017). The most common pathways to date have been: the production of heat and power from wood, agricultural residues and the biogenic fraction of wastes; maize and sugarcane to ethanol; and rapeseed, soybean and oil crops to biodiesel. Each of these bioenergy pathways consists of several steps, which include biomass production, collection or harvesting, processing to improve the physical characteristics of the fuel, pre-treatment to alter chemical properties, and finally conversion of the biomass to useful energy. The number of these steps may differ depending on the type, location and source of biomass, and the technology used to provide the relevant final energy use.
Source: International Energy Agency. “Technology Roadmap: Delivering Sustainable Bioenergy” http://www.iea.org
To provide an understanding of the current market landscape for bioenergy, an overview of market developments across the heat, electricity and transport sectors over the 2010-16 period is provided. This highlights key market trends since the production of the previous IEA technology roadmaps on bioenergy, and puts the longer-term scenarios in this roadmap into context.
Biomass and waste are already a significant global energy source, accounting for over 70% of all renewable energy production, and making a contribution to final energy consumption in 2015 that was roughly equivalent to that of coal. The largest end use of biomass and waste remains the traditional use of biomass, which is generally considered an unsustainable application of these resources. The focus of this publication is modern bioenergy solutions; the term bioenergy is generally used to refer to these and exclude the traditional use of biomass. Modern bioenergy consumption is largest in the heat sector, although bioenergy for electricity and transport biofuels is growing faster, mainly due to higher levels of policy support
Source: International Energy Agency. «Technology Roadmap: Delivering Sustainable Bioenergy» http://www.iea.org
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The communication infrastructure of a power system typically consists of SCADA systems with dedicated communication channels to and from the System Control Centre and a Wide Area Network (WAN). Some long-established power utilities may have private telephone networks and other legacy communication systems. The SCADA systems connect all the major power system operational facilities, that is, the central generating stations, the transmission grid substations and the primary distribution substations to the System Control Centre. The WAN is used for corporate business and market operations. These form the core communication networks of the traditional power system. However, in the Smart Grid,it is expected that these two elements of communication infrastructure will merge into a Utility WAN.
An essential development of the Smart Grid (see figure ) is to extend communication throughout the distribution system and to establish two-way communications with customers through Neighbourhood Area Networks (NANs) covering the areas served by distribution substations. Customers’ premises will have Home Area Networks (HANs). The interface of the Home and Neighbourhood Area Networks will be through a smart meter or smart interfacing device.
Source:
SMART GRID
TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS
Janaka Ekanayake
Cardiff University, UK
Kithsiri Liyanage
University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
Jianzhong Wu
Cardiff University, UK
Akihiko Yokoyama
University of Tokyo, Japan
Nick Jenkins
Cardiff University, UK
A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication
El año 2011 es un año interesante para ver como va la implementación de las energías renovables a nivel mundial y volumen de las potencias involucradas, en especial, frente a realidades como lo son África, América Latina, Centro América y Antillas. El abastecimiento de energía depende de la economía y el grado de desarrollo de un país, o en inversa, la producción por parte de grandes industrias y medianas industrias involucra mayor necesidad de energía eléctrica. En la figura que muestra sólo el año 2011 y a la fecha han pasado ya varios años y las potencias en cada país ha cambiado, llama la atención Alemania y la potencia implementada que hace añicos a varios países y es que como economía: la calidad, puntualidad, esmero, alta tecnología, innovación, alto nivel educativo, eficiencia entre otras virtudes vertidas en un sin fin de productos de poca, media y alta tecnología… siempre hay mercado para tales mercancías…
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Enlace Parte 1: https://youtu.be/4k7BPpdO_H0
Enlace Parte 2: https://youtu.be/St4dRPdZG_k
Comparto con Uds. la presente filmación de la conferencia organizada por la Rama Estudiantil de la IEEE – Sociedad de Potencia de la Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería en Lima, Perú, y con el agradecimiento de las personas todas desde antes hasta la fecha que hicieron posible esto…
Atte: Jorge Mírez – UNI – PERU
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Fecho este post codificado con J800 con un cuadro que menciona las tecnologias que harán posible el próximo o casi ya actual mercado energético mundial. Casi ya, debido a que muchas de ellas se vienen ya implementando y otras en continuos y avanzados estados de investigación, innovación y desarrollo. Están tipificados según sus características funcionales y que hacen posible la comparación entre ellas. Algunas técnicas de medición, predicción, gestión, optimización y control pueden ser familiares entre ellas debidos a su propia naturaleza de funcionamiento. Hay mucho campo por estudiar en el sector energía, cada temática es una apasionante ventana hacia un conocimiento que se ve y será cada vez más novedoso en cuanto a tecnologías… No seamos simples lectores, intentemos ser parte de este cambio aunque sea aportando un granito de arena, al menos como lo hago mediante este blog, mis otros blogs y modelamiento y simulaciones numéricas con Matlab/Simulink
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La economía mundial va hacia un nuevo período de más estable crecimiento en las décadas por venir. Siendo esta etapa una fase caracterizada por la innovación en productos en las industrias existentes y la creación de nuevas industrias para una fase caracterizada por procesos de innovación en industrias existentes y en básicos sectores como el sector energía. Esto indica que las nuevas tecnologías de energía introducidas en el sector energía en los últimos 20 años (turbinas de viento, micro turbinas de gas, celdas de combustible, tecnologías de información y comunicaciones, etc.) pueden masivamente ser integradas en el sector energía en las décadas por venir
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