Archive for the ‘Biomass’ Category
Regards time, the ultimate consumer burns a fuel whose chemical composition varies, see Figure. These variations bring problems for plant operation, whatever is the prime mover (Internal Combustion engine, gas turbine or boiler).
Methane number (MN) characterizes gaseous fuel tendency to auto-ignition. By convention, this index has a value 100 for methane and 0 for hydrogen (Leiker et al., 1972). The gaseous fuels are thus compared with a methane-hydrogen binary mixture. Two gases with same value MN have the same resistance against the spontaneous combustion.
Source:
Natural Gas : Physical Properties and Combustion Features.
By Olivier Le Corre and Khaled Loubar
«A mathematical model of SmartValley for estimation of contribution of biomass to the electrical generation»
Jorge Mírez ; Segundo Horna ; Daniel Carranza
2019 IEEE International Autumn Meeting on Power, Electronics and Computing (ROPEC). Ixtapa, Mexico, Mexico
Abstract:
A mathematical model is presented for the estimation of the contribution of biomass to the generation of electricity for a valley as a geographical scope of application. Is considered that a valley has several species that are cultivated during the year and that have by-products of the harvest that we have considered as biomass that can be used for the production of electricity that would benefit the valley’s inhabiting community. We have called this integration between population and crops SmartValley, which leads to the use of monitoring, control, management and planning among the different agricultural-energy actors.
Link: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9057045
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Dr. Jorge Luis Mírez Tarrillo – PERU
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The basis of a fuel or chemical production system is that the feedstock is converted to a useful primary energy product and either used as such, or further converted, upgraded or refined in subsequent processes to give a higher quality and higher value secondary product as shown in Figure.
When organic materials are heated in the absence of air, they degrade to a gas, a liquid, and a solid as summarised in Figure. It is possible to influence the proportions of the main products by controlling the main reaction parameters of temperature, rate of heating, and vapour residence time. For example fast or flash pyrolysis is used to maximise either the gas or liquid products, depending on temperature as summarised below:
- Slow pyrolysis at low temperatures of around 400°C and long reaction times (which can range from 15 minutes to days in traditional beehive kilns) maximises charcoal yields at about 30% wt.
- Flash pyrolysis at temperatures of typically 500°C; at very high heating rates and short vapour residence times of typically less than 1 second or 500 ms; maximises liquid yields at up to 85% wt (wet basis) or up to 70% dry basis.
- Similar flash pyrolysis at relatively high temperatures of above 700°C; at very high heating rates and similarly short residence times maximises gas yields at up to 80% wt. with minimum liquid and char production.
- «Conventional» pyrolysis at moderate temperatures of less than about 500°C and low heating rates (with vapour residence times of 0.5 to 5 minutes) gives approximately equal proportions of gas liquid and solid products
Source: A. Bridgwater. Thermal biomass conversion and utilization – Biomass information system. European Commission – Agro-Industrial Research Division. 1996
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Dr. Jorge Luis Mírez Tarrillo – PERU
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There are four thermochemical methods of converting biomass: pyrolysis, gasification, liquefaction and direct combustion. Each gives a different range of products and employs different equipment configurations operating in different modes. These are summarised below in figure
Source: A. Bridgwater. Thermal biomass conversion and utilization – Biomass information system. European Commission – Agro-Industrial Research Division. 1996
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Dr. Jorge Luis Mírez Tarrillo – PERU
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Burning harvested organic matter – biomass – provided most of mankind’s energy needs for millennia. Using such fuels remains the primary energy source for many people in developing and emerging economies, but such “traditional use” of biomass is often unsustainable, with inefficient combustion leading to harmful emissions with serious health implications.
Modern technologies can convert this organic matter to solid, liquid and gaseous forms that can more efficiently provide for energy needs and replace fossil fuels. A wide range of biomass feedstocks can be used as sources of bioenergy. These include: wet organic wastes, such as sewage sludge, animal wastes and organic liquid effluents, and the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (MSW); residues and co-products from agroindustries and the timber industry; crops grown for energy, including food crops such as corn, wheat, sugar and vegetable oils produced from palm, rapeseed and other raw materials; and nonfood crops such as perennial lignocellulosic plants (e.g. grasses such as miscanthus and trees such as short-rotation willow and eucalyptus) and oilbearing plants (such as jatropha and camelina).
Many processes are available to turn these feedstocks into a product that can be used for electricity, heat or transport. The figure illustrates a number of the main pathways available for these applications (IEA and FAO, 2017). The most common pathways to date have been: the production of heat and power from wood, agricultural residues and the biogenic fraction of wastes; maize and sugarcane to ethanol; and rapeseed, soybean and oil crops to biodiesel. Each of these bioenergy pathways consists of several steps, which include biomass production, collection or harvesting, processing to improve the physical characteristics of the fuel, pre-treatment to alter chemical properties, and finally conversion of the biomass to useful energy. The number of these steps may differ depending on the type, location and source of biomass, and the technology used to provide the relevant final energy use.
Source: International Energy Agency. “Technology Roadmap: Delivering Sustainable Bioenergy” http://www.iea.org
To provide an understanding of the current market landscape for bioenergy, an overview of market developments across the heat, electricity and transport sectors over the 2010-16 period is provided. This highlights key market trends since the production of the previous IEA technology roadmaps on bioenergy, and puts the longer-term scenarios in this roadmap into context.
Biomass and waste are already a significant global energy source, accounting for over 70% of all renewable energy production, and making a contribution to final energy consumption in 2015 that was roughly equivalent to that of coal. The largest end use of biomass and waste remains the traditional use of biomass, which is generally considered an unsustainable application of these resources. The focus of this publication is modern bioenergy solutions; the term bioenergy is generally used to refer to these and exclude the traditional use of biomass. Modern bioenergy consumption is largest in the heat sector, although bioenergy for electricity and transport biofuels is growing faster, mainly due to higher levels of policy support
Source: International Energy Agency. «Technology Roadmap: Delivering Sustainable Bioenergy» http://www.iea.org
IEEE Conference on Mechatronics, Electronics and Automotive Engineering – ICMEAE 2019. Cuernavaca, México. Nov 26 – 29, 2019.
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«Energy storage systems». Jorge Mírez. XIX Peruvian Symposium on Solar Energy and the Environment (XIX-SPES), Puno, 12-17.11.2012.
Available in: http://www.perusolar.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/3.pdf
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Desastre total Imposible Controlar el Fuego, se Necesita Apoyo aéreo Inmediato… a quien corresponda, incendio forestal en el Distrito de Conchán, provincia de Chota en la región Cajamarca se ha descontrolado, cientos de héctareas de montaña han sido arrasados, la ciudad de Chota, capital de la provincia hoy día está cubierta de humo completamente, la visibilidad es bien escasa, no se puede respirar… al lugar del incendio se han desplazado los recursos humanos disponibles policia, comuneros, bomberos, pero hay falta de agua y medios para transladarlos… la situación es muy seria… Pasar la voz a la Fuerza Aérea, compañias mineras o de petróleo/gas o quienes tengan los medios móviles aéreos para combatir el incendio (de Perú, Ecuador, Colombia que están cerca o quien pueda)… al momento toda personal con capacidad de combatir el incendio está que hace lo posible…
Fuente: Radio Andina Nov 18,2016
http://andinaradio.net/new/noticias/item/1220-chota-en-tinieblas-por-incendios-forestales.html
«El cielo de Chota luce con una capa de neblina que preocupa a la población. La humareda se debería a un incendio forestal ocasionado por personas inescrupulosas, sin embargo, también puede ser producto del clima que se vive en estos días. Esta situación preocupante se presenta en otros distritos de la provincia, tal es el caso de Conchán, específicamente Lascán, donde se habría originado un incendio perjudicando los bosques de pinos.El incendio generado, ayer a las 2 de la tarde, por Oscar Fernández Pardo (23), morador de la zona, se viene expandiendo agresivamente. Al momento, un 70 por ciento de bosques de pinos estarían siendo arrasados por el fuego, y se está expandiendo hasta un lugar denominado “Los toritos”. La humareda es insoportable y los niños tienen dificultades para respirar. Se está pidiendo el apoyo, urgente, de las instituciones, pobladores de la zona para controlar el fuego.
El fuego no solo está arrasando el bosque de pinos, sino que pone en riesgo los cultivos y la vida de ciertos animales. La situación es alarmante y piden de favor que se conduzcan a la zona para salvar el ambiente y evitar que las lenguas de fuego se sigan expandiendo.»
En anterior post se había tratado algo parecido con un indicador de o a 100 % de que tanto viable o no viable era tal o cual tecnología en un aspecto específico. En la presente figura pueden ser con un sí o un no (.). Todas las tecnologías son viables actualmente. Obviamente mientras que a mayor capacidad instalada los costos se reducen, el proyecto se hace más viable y los tiempos de inversión se acortan. Aclaro que procuro en éste blog pensar en producción de energía eléctrica en grande, es decir de varios MW o por decir varias decenas de MW o más, dado que eso es lo que pide el mercado eléctrico. Una microred por ejemplo es hasta 10 MW, la generación distribuida es de 50 MW y así por decirlo y hay más: centrales virtuales, smart grids, etc. En los conceptos de Ambiente y Disponibilidad, se tiene que analizar algunas tecnologías en base a las repercusiones del cambio climático en cada país y región dentro de cada país.
En lo que son energías renovables hay diferentes tecnologías que permiten la generación de electricidad a partir de fuentes renovables. En la gráfica se muestra una comparación entre ellas, aunque sinceramente esto de las «Pequeñas Hidroeléctricas» no debería ser planteado como fuentes renovables, porque de hasta 20 MW ya involucra un cambio serio en el entorno medioambiental, hay que colocar un embalse y varias cosas más incluido la infraestructura y cambia el microclima local… Creo que lo colocaron para que digan: «estamos haciendo algo»… Bueno, hay calificativo de favorable y no favorable para los siguientes conceptos: Costos de generación; potencial técnico; desarrollo de la industria; estabilidad de la planta; factor de capacidad; potencial de uso combinado; emisiones de CO2 y uso de tierras.
The communication infrastructure of a power system typically consists of SCADA systems with dedicated communication channels to and from the System Control Centre and a Wide Area Network (WAN). Some long-established power utilities may have private telephone networks and other legacy communication systems. The SCADA systems connect all the major power system operational facilities, that is, the central generating stations, the transmission grid substations and the primary distribution substations to the System Control Centre. The WAN is used for corporate business and market operations. These form the core communication networks of the traditional power system. However, in the Smart Grid,it is expected that these two elements of communication infrastructure will merge into a Utility WAN.
An essential development of the Smart Grid (see figure ) is to extend communication throughout the distribution system and to establish two-way communications with customers through Neighbourhood Area Networks (NANs) covering the areas served by distribution substations. Customers’ premises will have Home Area Networks (HANs). The interface of the Home and Neighbourhood Area Networks will be through a smart meter or smart interfacing device.
Source:
SMART GRID
TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS
Janaka Ekanayake
Cardiff University, UK
Kithsiri Liyanage
University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
Jianzhong Wu
Cardiff University, UK
Akihiko Yokoyama
University of Tokyo, Japan
Nick Jenkins
Cardiff University, UK
A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication
El año 2011 es un año interesante para ver como va la implementación de las energías renovables a nivel mundial y volumen de las potencias involucradas, en especial, frente a realidades como lo son África, América Latina, Centro América y Antillas. El abastecimiento de energía depende de la economía y el grado de desarrollo de un país, o en inversa, la producción por parte de grandes industrias y medianas industrias involucra mayor necesidad de energía eléctrica. En la figura que muestra sólo el año 2011 y a la fecha han pasado ya varios años y las potencias en cada país ha cambiado, llama la atención Alemania y la potencia implementada que hace añicos a varios países y es que como economía: la calidad, puntualidad, esmero, alta tecnología, innovación, alto nivel educativo, eficiencia entre otras virtudes vertidas en un sin fin de productos de poca, media y alta tecnología… siempre hay mercado para tales mercancías…
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